Abstract: 

The impact of European economic policy is felt in all areas of the existence of individual Member States. Its economic area is not an exception. In the context of entrepreneurship, the impact of European economic policy has also been reflected in the introduction of new legal forms of entrepreneurship. The primary concern is a European society and a European cooperative whose legislation has become part of the national legal order under European Union regulations. This article focuses on examining these legal forms of entrepreneurship. The main objective of the article is to comprehensively analyse the legislative aspects of European society and the European cooperative and to examine their legal regulation and status in the legal system of the Slovak Republic, especially using critical analysis and other scientific methods, we are looking for answers to selected application problems from practice. As part of the investigation we also use scientific and doctrinal interpretation, Slovak and foreign professional literature and case law Comprehensive legal examination of European society and European cooperative in the Slovak Republic is the main objective of this contribution, which belongs to the field of commercial law with certain overlaps into economics and entrepreneurship.

• Keywords:: European Policy, European Cooperative Society, European Society, Entrepreneurship in the European Union.
• DOI: 10.24193/OJMNE.2020.34.02

Abstract:

This paper examines developments in Poland following the 2015 elections and in Hungary since 2010, which included the gradual destruction of democratic institutions, challenges to the rule of law, as well as to the system of checks and balances. The authors consider the Ziblatt–Levitsky model (2018) as a meaningful framework for the analysis of the way in which the power structure was reshaped and have based their research on the classification set out in this model. Our objective is to present the political changes that took place in the two Central-Eastern-European countries during the last decade that resulted in the process under Article 7 being used for the first time in the history of the EU. The paper conclusion is that the path of de-democratization of Hungary and Poland is seen from the perspective of the EU and Council of Europe, as similar one. In actions taken toward both countries, the EU concerns mostly the principle of the rule of law.

• Keywords: liberal democracy, democratic backsliding, Article 7, European Union.
• DOI: 10.24193/OJMNE.2020.34.03

Abstract:

The Black Sea region has strategic geopolitical importance where the routes of Europe, the Caucasus, Asia, and the Middle East intersect. Ensuring stability and security in the Black Sea area is essential for emerging new security architecture. In search of balance, the challenges are met by the Three Seas Initiative (3SI) and the deepening of strategic relations with the United Arab Emirates. The UAE, anchored in the Euro-Atlantic partnership and with extensive influence, emerges as an interesting strategic partner. When analysing the Three Seas Initiative, it should be noted that the United States of America joined the implementation of 3SI, seeing it as an opportunity to pursue American interests in LNG markets, and in a broader geopolitical dimension, combining this initiative with projects in the Middle East. This research paper is the first to analyse the foreign and security policy of the two Black Sea countries, Bulgaria, and Romania that participate in the Three Seas Initiative, from the geostrategic perspective and relations with the United Arab Emirates. The research work is based on empirical research, and the results of which are largely derived from 10 years of direct observation, as well as the participation of the author of the article in many initiatives related to cooperation between all 3SI countries with the United Arab Emirates, among others as an Ambassador, Senior Advisor at Dubai Expo 2020.

• Keywords: Black Sea, United Arab Emirates, Three Seas Initiative, 3SI, Bulgaria, Romania.
• DOI: 10.24193/OJMNE.2020.34.04

Abstract:

In the present context of COVID 19 pandemic, the interlinkages between migration and health are once again on the international agenda. The relationship between migration and health is multifaceted  and varies across migrant groups or individuals within groups. Sometimes, migration is driven by health issues, and in other cases the migration journey may worsen the health condition of the migrants and refugees, namely those migrating out of necessity. In Europe, the public health policies insufficiently address the health problems of the migrants, especially for displaced persons and irregular migrants. The impact of lockdowns and various socio-economic restrictions on the most vulnerable labour force are being investigated nowadays, and the SDG principle “no one is left behind” is seriously challenged.  The article aims to reveal several traits of the present health crisis and its impact on migrants and refugees, the vulnerabilities exacerbated by the crisis, and to identify potential measures to be taken by host countries in order to reduce the negative impact.

• Keywords: migration, migration–health nexus, COVID 19 pandemic, migrants’ vulnerabilities.
• DOI: 10.24193/OJMNE.2020.34.05